As part of the European Commission's consultation on implementing Article 53(1)(c) of the AI Act and Measure 1.3 of the GPAI Code of Practice, Bitkom assessed a range of machine-readable TDM opt-out solutions currently discussed in the market.
Bitkom concludes that none of the examined solutions has yet achieved significant market adoption or demonstrated sufficient maturity, scalability, interoperability, and legal certainty to emerge as a broadly accepted standard. The paper highlights the strengths and limitations of seven existing approaches and calls for practical, widely adopted, and technically feasible solutions for expressing copyright reservations in the context of AI training.
